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语法非谓语

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问题补充说明:英语还有几天就考试了,我的语法里,非谓语比较薄弱,有时候没有把握,烦请各位高手将非谓的重点告之下好吗?如有帮助 追加分值 不胜感激!

语法非谓语

非谓语动词

非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、交律航不弯衫此定式、动名词等三种形式,即:

doing,done,todo,doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式,如:

现在分词doing:有beingdone(被动式);havingdone(完成式);havingbeendo

ne(完火成被动式)

不定式todo:有tobedone(被动式);tohave营晶done(完成式);tobedoing(进行式)

动名词doing:有havingdone(完成式);beingdone(被动式);

非谓语360问答动词的特点:三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词哥米的特征。具体来讲:分词在句营则气组针众垂乱子中可以做定语、表语、状语掉北字下庆色裂衡天督或补足语等;动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等;不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。

下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解:

一.动词不定式

先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。

声担秋毛白评1.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.

2.Hiswishistobe王算庆危挥队adriver.

3.Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.

4.Thete指achertoldustodomorningexerci能燃年移段例拉ses.

5.Ihaveno凯品模伤着正黄色突集修thingtosay.

6.Theywenttoseetheiraunt.

7.It’seasytoseethei企吸始raunt.

8.Idon’tknowwhattodonex大印质超虽阶程脚扬t.

9.Iheardthemmakeanoise.

说明:1.动词不定式作塌桥主语,2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词埋迅不定式作宾语,4.动词不定式作宾语补足语,5.动词不定式作定语,6.动词不定式作目的状语,7.动词不定式作真正主语,it代替动词不定式,作形式主语。8.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9.不带则因仅程括聚五to的动词不定式作费拿振留程亲于注宾语补足语。

掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:

1.“to”是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to都是介词。

agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,

equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto

2.带to还是不带to

Ihavenochoicebuttogivein

Icannotdoanythingbutg根审帮上粮巴道苏调列边ivein

Isawhimentertheclassroom.

(但是:Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.)

3.动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.

It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.

It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.

与of连用的形容词有:

good,kind,nice,wis探持主烈振e,clever,fo激天构问绍宁olish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,possible

4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:

want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.

需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.

5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to。

wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,o

ughtto,needto,usedto,beableto

6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:

1)动宾关系:

Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.

Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.

Heislookingforaroomtolive

Heislookingforaroomtolivein.

Hehasnomoneyandnoplace

tolive(in).

Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)isonfoot.

Thereisnotimetothink(about).

2)主谓关系:

Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.

----I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I)

-------Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(逻辑主语不是I)

7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:

1)原因

Heisluckytogethereontime.

这种结构中常用的形容词有:

happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy

2)目的

Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.

3)结果

Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.

Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.

Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.

8.不定式作补足语

Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.

能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有:

see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice

注:当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to,如:

Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow.

二.动名词

LearningEnglishisverydifficult.

学英语非常困难。

Hisjobisdrivingabus.

他的工作是开车。

Ienjoydancing.

我喜欢跳舞。

Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.

我已经习惯了住农村。

Takesomesleepingtablets,andyouwillsoonfallasleep.

吃点安眠药,你很快就会入睡。

注意以下几种结构:

1.There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.

=It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.

=Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.

2.It’snousetalkingwithhim.

It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.

3.There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…

在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:

trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime

注意以下几个问题:

1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,

forgettodo…忘记要做某事

forgetdoing…忘记做了某事

remembertodo…记住要做某事

rememberdoing…记着做了某事

meantodo…有意要做某事

meandoing…意味着做了某事

regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔

regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔

can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事

can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事

trytodo…尽力去做某事

trydoing试着做某事

learntodo…学着去做某事

learndoing…学会做某事

stoptodo…停下来去做(另一件事)

stopdoing…停止做某事

goontodo…接着做(另外一件事)

goondoing…继续做某事

usedtodo…过去做某事

beusedtodoing…习惯做某事

2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别

动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义

现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义

如:asleepingcar=acarforsleeping

arunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning

前者是动名词,后者是现在分词

又如:drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy

3.动名词的逻辑主语:

动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。

例如:Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.

4.动名词的语态和时态

5.动名词主动形式表被动的情况:

needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoing

例如:Thisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。

6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:

admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,

三.分词

1Thestoryisinteresting.I’minterestedinit.

这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。

2.Thisisamovingfilm.

这是一部动人的电影。

3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.

秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。

4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell.

如果给我多一点时间,我会做的更好。

Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank.

当他后街时,看到小偷正从银行偷钱。

应注意的几个问题:

1.现在分词与过去分词的区别

DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?

=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?

Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.

=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.

ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.

2.分词作表语

Thenewssoundsencouraging.

Theygotveryexcited.

1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:

Thenewsisinteresting.

Heisinterestedinthenews.

doing作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系;done作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。

2)表语与被动式的区别:

TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.(强调动作)

Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.(强调状态)

3)常作表语的过去分词:

amused,injured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done

3.现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别

Thesituationinourcountryisencouraging.(表语)

Thesituationinourcountryisencouragingthepeople.(现在进行时)

Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.(动名词)

能回答how-question的是现在分词,能回答what-question的动名词,即不能回答how-question也不能回答what-question的是现在进行时。

例如:Howisthesituationinourcountry?Itisencouraging.

Whatisyourjob?Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.

4.注意的四种结构:

havesomethingtodo有某事要做

havesomethingdone使某事被做

havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事

havesomethingdoing让某事一直做着

5.需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词:

seat,prepare,hide,dress

如:Iseatedmyselfonthechair.

Iwasseatedonthechair.

6.分词做状语与不定式的区别:

分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。

Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.(时间)

BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.(原因)

Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.(条件)

Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.(伴随)

Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.(目的)

Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.(结果)

7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别

arunninghorse现在分词=ahorsethatisrunning

afallenleaf过去分词=aleafthathasalreadyfallen

awalkingstick动名词=astickforwalking

somethingtodo不定式=somethingthatIshoulddo

8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:

Ihaveaproblemtobediscussedatthemeeting.(将来)

ThebuildingbeingbuiltontheriveristheScienceMuseum.(正在进行)

Thebuildingcompletedthreeyearsagoisnowinbadconditions.(过去)

9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:

分词与句子主语的逻辑关系

Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(错误)

Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(正确)

Seeing与thecity不是主谓关系;seen与city是动宾关系

练习

I.单项选择

1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.

A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting

2.______manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.

A.HavingbeingtoldB.ThoughhadbeentoldC.Hewastold

D.Havingtold

3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.

***.tohaverestedB.testingC.torestD.rest

4.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman______inbed,dead.

A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying

5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_______itmoredifficult.

A.tomakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.tonotmake

6.TheOlympicGames,_____in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplaysuntil1912.

A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying

7.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.

----Well,nowIregret____________that.

A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone

8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithtalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.

A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added

9._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.

A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived

10.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice,buthestillcouldn’tmakehimself________.

A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard

Robertissaid___abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountrybestudiedin.

tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying

II.用动词的正确形式填空

1.LittleTomshouldlove________(take)tothetheatrethisevening.

2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______(learn).Healwaysworkshard.

3.Thecomputercentre,______(open)lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.

4.Goon_____(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.

5.Howabouttwoofus______(take)awalkdownthegarden.

答案:

I

1.A2.C3.C4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.C10.D

II

1.tobetaken;2.tolearn;3.opened;4.todo;5.taking

标签:谓语,语法

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