问题补充说明:英语还有几天就考试了,我的语法里,非谓语比较薄弱,有时候没有把握,烦请各位高手将非谓的重点告之下好吗?如有帮助 追加分值 不胜感激!
非谓语动词
非谓语动词是指分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)、交律航不弯衫此定式、动名词等三种形式,即:
doing,done,todo,doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式,如:
现在分词doing:有beingdone(被动式);havingdone(完成式);havingbeendo
ne(完火成被动式)
不定式todo:有tobedone(被动式);tohave营晶done(完成式);tobedoing(进行式)
动名词doing:有havingdone(完成式);beingdone(被动式);
非谓语360问答动词的特点:三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词哥米的特征。具体来讲:分词在句营则气组针众垂乱子中可以做定语、表语、状语掉北字下庆色裂衡天督或补足语等;动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语等;不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。
下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解:
一.动词不定式
先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。
声担秋毛白评1.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisdifficult.
2.Hiswishistobe王算庆危挥队adriver.
3.Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.
4.Thete指achertoldustodomorningexerci能燃年移段例拉ses.
5.Ihaveno凯品模伤着正黄色突集修thingtosay.
6.Theywenttoseetheiraunt.
7.It’seasytoseethei企吸始raunt.
8.Idon’tknowwhattodonex大印质超虽阶程脚扬t.
9.Iheardthemmakeanoise.
说明:1.动词不定式作塌桥主语,2.动词不定式作表语,3.动词埋迅不定式作宾语,4.动词不定式作宾语补足语,5.动词不定式作定语,6.动词不定式作目的状语,7.动词不定式作真正主语,it代替动词不定式,作形式主语。8.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语,9.不带则因仅程括聚五to的动词不定式作费拿振留程亲于注宾语补足语。
掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题:
1.“to”是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to都是介词。
agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,
equalto,familiarto,pointto,thankto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto
2.带to还是不带to
Ihavenochoicebuttogivein
Icannotdoanythingbutg根审帮上粮巴道苏调列边ivein
Isawhimentertheclassroom.
(但是:Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.)
3.动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.
It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard.
It’sfoolishofhimtodoit.
与of连用的形容词有:
good,kind,nice,wis探持主烈振e,clever,fo激天构问绍宁olish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,possible
4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.
需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.
5.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to。
wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,o
ughtto,needto,usedto,beableto
6.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
1)动宾关系:
Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.
Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.
Heislookingforaroomtolive
Heislookingforaroomtolivein.
Hehasnomoneyandnoplace
tolive(in).
Ithinkthebestwaytotravel(by)isonfoot.
Thereisnotimetothink(about).
2)主谓关系:
Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.
----I’mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I)
-------Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(逻辑主语不是I)
7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
1)原因
Heisluckytogethereontime.
这种结构中常用的形容词有:
happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy
2)目的
Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.
3)结果
Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.
Thebookistoohardfortheboytoread.
Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
8.不定式作补足语
Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.
能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有:
see,feel,hear,listento,lookat,watch,let,havemake,observe,notice
注:当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to,如:
Hewasseentoplayinthestreetjustnow.
二.动名词
LearningEnglishisverydifficult.
学英语非常困难。
Hisjobisdrivingabus.
他的工作是开车。
Ienjoydancing.
我喜欢跳舞。
Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.
我已经习惯了住农村。
Takesomesleepingtablets,andyouwillsoonfallasleep.
吃点安眠药,你很快就会入睡。
注意以下几种结构:
1.There’snotellingwhatwillhappen.
=It’simpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.
=Noonecantellwhatwillhappen.
2.It’snousetalkingwithhim.
It’snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.
3.There’ssomedifficulty(in)doing…
在此句型中,difficulty可以由以下单词替换:
trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime
注意以下几个问题:
1.下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,
forgettodo…忘记要做某事
forgetdoing…忘记做了某事
remembertodo…记住要做某事
rememberdoing…记着做了某事
meantodo…有意要做某事
meandoing…意味着做了某事
regrettodo…对要做的事表示后悔
regretdoing…对做过去的事后悔
can’thelptodo…不能帮助做某事
can’thelpdoing…情不自禁做某事
trytodo…尽力去做某事
trydoing试着做某事
learntodo…学着去做某事
learndoing…学会做某事
stoptodo…停下来去做(另一件事)
stopdoing…停止做某事
goontodo…接着做(另外一件事)
goondoing…继续做某事
usedtodo…过去做某事
beusedtodoing…习惯做某事
2.动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别
动名词作定语表达n+fordoing的含义
现在分词作定语表达n+which(who)bedoing的含义
如:asleepingcar=acarforsleeping
arunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning
前者是动名词,后者是现在分词
又如:drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningwater,sleepingboy
3.动名词的逻辑主语:
动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。
例如:Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.
4.动名词的语态和时态
5.动名词主动形式表被动的情况:
needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoing
例如:Thisroomneedspainting.这个房间需要粉刷。
6.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词:
admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can’thelp,can’tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,
三.分词
1Thestoryisinteresting.I’minterestedinit.
这个故事有兴趣,我对这个故事感兴趣。
2.Thisisamovingfilm.
这是一部动人的电影。
3.Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.
秘书工作到深夜,为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。
4.Givenmoretime,I’lldoitwell.
如果给我多一点时间,我会做的更好。
Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfromthebank.
当他后街时,看到小偷正从银行偷钱。
应注意的几个问题:
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别
DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?
=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?
Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.
=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.
ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.
2.分词作表语
Thenewssoundsencouraging.
Theygotveryexcited.
1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:
Thenewsisinteresting.
Heisinterestedinthenews.
doing作表语,主语与表语是主谓关系;done作表语,主语与表语是动宾关系。
2)表语与被动式的区别:
TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.(强调动作)
Theblackboardisbroken.You’dbetterhaveitrepaired.(强调状态)
3)常作表语的过去分词:
amused,injured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done
3.现在分词、动名词现在进行时的区别
Thesituationinourcountryisencouraging.(表语)
Thesituationinourcountryisencouragingthepeople.(现在进行时)
Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.(动名词)
能回答how-question的是现在分词,能回答what-question的动名词,即不能回答how-question也不能回答what-question的是现在进行时。
例如:Howisthesituationinourcountry?Itisencouraging.
Whatisyourjob?Myjobislookingafterthelittlebaby.
4.注意的四种结构:
havesomethingtodo有某事要做
havesomethingdone使某事被做
havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事
havesomethingdoing让某事一直做着
5.需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词:
seat,prepare,hide,dress
如:Iseatedmyselfonthechair.
Iwasseatedonthechair.
6.分词做状语与不定式的区别:
分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等;而不定式表示目的和结果。
Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.(时间)
BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.(原因)
Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.(条件)
Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.(伴随)
Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.(目的)
Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.(结果)
7.分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别
arunninghorse现在分词=ahorsethatisrunning
afallenleaf过去分词=aleafthathasalreadyfallen
awalkingstick动名词=astickforwalking
somethingtodo不定式=somethingthatIshoulddo
8.不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别:
Ihaveaproblemtobediscussedatthemeeting.(将来)
ThebuildingbeingbuiltontheriveristheScienceMuseum.(正在进行)
Thebuildingcompletedthreeyearsagoisnowinbadconditions.(过去)
9.分词做状语需要注意的一个问题:
分词与句子主语的逻辑关系
Seeingfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(错误)
Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(正确)
Seeing与thecity不是主谓关系;seen与city是动宾关系
练习
I.单项选择
1.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.
A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting
2.______manytimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.
A.HavingbeingtoldB.ThoughhadbeentoldC.Hewastold
D.Havingtold
3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrockbythesideofthepath.
***.tohaverestedB.testingC.torestD.rest
4.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman______inbed,dead.
A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying
5.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_______itmoredifficult.
A.tomakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.tonotmake
6.TheOlympicGames,_____in776B.C.,didnotincludewomenplaysuntil1912.
A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying
7.---Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.
----Well,nowIregret____________that.
A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone
8.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwithtalks,_______thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.
A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added
9._______areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.
A.NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived
10.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice,buthestillcouldn’tmakehimself________.
A.hearB.tohearC.hearingD.heard
Robertissaid___abroad,butIdon’tknowwhatcountrybestudiedin.
tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying
II.用动词的正确形式填空
1.LittleTomshouldlove________(take)tothetheatrethisevening.
2.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_______(learn).Healwaysworkshard.
3.Thecomputercentre,______(open)lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.
4.Goon_____(do)theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.
5.Howabouttwoofus______(take)awalkdownthegarden.
答案:
I
1.A2.C3.C4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.C10.D
II
1.tobetaken;2.tolearn;3.opened;4.todo;5.taking
标签:谓语,语法